My DNA results from 23andMe

100% Carolyn Yeager

It was specifically noted that I have zero Ashkanazi, zero African (North and sub-Saharan), zero Native American (Amerindian), zero South Asian and Oceanian, and so on.

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Neanderthal DNA - 2.8%

Carolyn Yeager - An estimated 2.8% of your DNA is from Neanderthals. (Puts me in the 60th percentile of all 23&Me users)

Average 23andMe user  2.7%

Genetic Evidence for Neanderthals

From bones like these three (Vi33.16, Vi33.25, Vi33.26) found in the Vindija cave in Croatia, scientists extracted Neanderthal DNA. Using these samples they painstakingly assembled the Neanderthal genome sequence.

More about Neanderthals

Neanderthals were a group of humans who lived in Europe and Western Asia. They are the closest evolutionary relatives of modern humans, but they went extinct about 30,000 years ago. The first Neanderthals arrived in Europe as early as 600,000 to 350,000 years ago. Neanderthals — Homo neanderthalensis — and modern humans — Homo sapiens — lived along side each other for thousands of years. Genetic evidence suggest that they interbred and although Neanderthals disappeared about 30,000 years ago, traces of their DNA — between 1 percent and 4 percent — are found in all modern humans outside of Africa [Africans have none to very little Neanderthal DNA -cy]. Apart from the curiosity of finding what percentage of a modern human's genome is Neanderthal, the information has great value for science. By comparing our DNA with Neanderthal DNA, scientists can detect the most recent evolutionary changes as we developed into fully modern humans.

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Haplogroup of Carolyn Yeager and her Connections

• H2a2

Maternal haplogroups are families of mitochondrial DNA types that all trace back to a single mutation at a specific place and time. By looking at the geographic distribution of mtDNA types, we learn how our ancient female ancestors migrated throughout the world.

H2a2 is a subgroup of H2

Map shows locations of haplogroup H2 before the widespread migrations of the past few hundred years. The scale bar shows that H2 was never more than 10-15% of the population at its greatest density (shown as red). It originated around and to the north of the Caspian Sea.

Haplogroup H, the parent of H2, originated in the Near East and then expanded throughout Europe toward the end of the Ice Age. Today H is the most common haplogroup in Europe, especially in Scandinavia, where it is present in half the population. H2 is one of the older branches of H; although concentrated in Turkey and the Caucasus throughout its history, the haplogroup has made its way across Europe in two separate passes, eventually reaching the British Isles.

• The first complete mitochondrial sequence (CRS) ever produced was from the H2 haplogroup - H2a2a
  

• In 2008, a 28,000 year old skeleton was discovered in a cave in Italy which was found to belong to H2a

• In Western Europe, the H2 subgroup is found in its highest frequency in Germany and Scotland